The proliferation of sensors, GPS-enabled devices, and mobile applications is powering real-time data collection in cities, granting unprecedented visibility into how people navigate urban environments. With this information, transport operators can optimize routes, balance capacity in real-time, and respond quickly to disruptions. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) platforms combine various modes—such as buses, trains, bikes, or ride-sharing—into a unified digital interface. This innovation enables seamless travel planning, payments, and updates, ultimately reducing reliance on private cars and supporting multimodal journeys with improved convenience.